Indirect causes of maternal mortality pdf

Causes of maternal and child deaths world health organization. Indirect causes of maternal mortality sciencedirect. A leading cause of maternal mortality in settings with a high hiv burden eg 25% of maternal deaths in zambia, 1999. Deaths attributable to childbearing in matlab, bangladesh. About 73% 1 771 000 of 2 443 000 of all maternal deaths between 2003 and 2009 were due to direct obstetric causes and deaths due to indirect causes accounted for 275% 672 000, 95% ui. Indirect causes include anemia, malaria, and heart disease. With the implementation of icd10 effective with mortality statistics in 1999 and thereafter, additional deaths due to indirect maternal causes of. An introduction to maternal mortality pubmed central pmc. The state of maternal health in thailand is good, as can be understood from some of the key health indicators. Determinantscauses of maternal mortality in nigeria.

Factors contributing to maternal mortality in north. Most worryingly, the number of maternal deaths due to indirect causes has. Factors contributing to maternal mortality in northcentral nigeria. Close to 20 percent of maternal deaths were among teenagers 1519 years. A maternal death, according to the population research institute, is. While a large variety of factors contribute to maternal mortality, there are some factors that are extremely common and contribute to the largest number of maternal deaths, such as the 10 common causes of maternal mortality listed below. The maternal mortality data have been divided into direct and indirect causes. We derived estimates of maternal mortality for 172 countries over the period 19902008. Trends in maternal mortality were estimated either directly from vital registration data or from a hierarchical or multilevel model, depending on the data available for a particular country. Such a high incidence of maternal mortality causes huge losses of human life and social welfare. Define the main types and causes of maternal morbiditymortality. List the steps to be taken to determine the magnitude of maternal morbiditymortality. Maternal mortality ratio mmratio by expressing maternal deaths per live birth, rather than per woman of reproductive age, the mm ratio is designed to express direct or indirect obstetric risk.

Compared to direct obstetric deaths, indirect deaths have historically received less attention from health policy makers. High hiv prevalence among maternal deaths attributed to tb. Indirect causes of maternal death the lancet global health. Therefore, reducing mmr faster is a fundamental national and international. This study highlights the complexity of the concept of indirect causes of maternal mortality and clearly illustrates the inherent difficulties in estimating the excess risk of death attached to pregnancy and the puerperium. Evidencebased interventions for major causes of maternal mortality. Pdf investigation of the relationship between direct. Background while the main causes of maternal mortality in low and middle income countries are well understood, less is known about whether patterns for causes of maternal deaths among adolescents. Most causes of maternal deaths could be addressed 12 yazbeck, a. Causes of maternal mortality 20 % indirect 80 % directfour major causes haemorrhage infection sepsis eclampsia obstructed labour 20.

There has been no significant decrease in the rate of indirect maternal deaths in the uk since 2003. The report states that most maternal deaths in the uk now occur in women with preexisting or new onset medical and psychiatric conditions indirect causes. Results between the period 1 january 1996 and 31 december 1997 there were a total of 251 maternal deaths. Other direct causes include ectopic pregnancy, embolism, and anesthesiarelated complications. Defination maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy. Unwell pregnant women should be red flagged by doctors experts call for new measures to prevent maternal deaths. This relatively new indicator of maternal mortality can be a proxy for the coverage and quality of programs for preventing or treating conditions associated with indirect maternal deaths who et al. The main aim of this study was to document the causes.

In 2010, 19 per cent of the 287,000 maternal deaths estimated worldwide took place in india who 2012. Percent of maternal deaths due to indirect causes at emoc. Pdf indirect causes of maternal death researchgate. Indirect causes, which include deaths due to conditions such as malaria, hivaids and cardiac diseases, account for about onefifth of maternal deaths.

The leading cause of maternal death remains cardiac disease. Levels and causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. The maternal mortality committees from both countries suggest that the difference in maternal deaths due to indirect causes is because of differences in classification, rather than representing a genuine difference in risk profile or obstetric performance. This is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Innovative interventions and technologies that have not been implemented on a largescale but for which evidence suggests potential for a largescale impact were also included. The causes of maternal death and individual, environmental and health systems related gaps contributing to maternal death in ethiopia remain unclear. Women with underlying indirect causes had significantly increased risks of severe maternal and perinatal outcomes. Comprehensive analyses of the causes of maternal mortality have been published by who1 and the institute for health metrics and evaluation.

Indirect causes, or preexisting medical conditions deteriorating during pregnancy and puerperium, account for the remaining 27 percent. Say and colleagues1 noted that 275% of all maternal deaths result from these indirect causes, with the highest proportion of such deaths. Indirect causes include anaemia and malaria during pregnancy. Cardiac disease is the most common cause of indirect death. Maternal mortality maternal, neonatal, and child health. Maternal deaths are still high, with an estimated maternal mortality ratio of 412 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2016. Effect of coinfection hiv increases reactivation of tb and tb mortality tb causes a cd4 drop and an increase in viral replication. The remaining 7 percent of maternal deaths occur due to indirect causes. Of these, 106 42% were due to direct obstetric causes and 145 58% were due to nonobstetric indirect causes. Some of these indirect causes of maternal death are diseases that complicate pregnancy or are worsened by pregnancy, such as anaemia, hepatitis, sickle cell anaemia, malaria, anaesthetic death, meningitis, hivaids, anaemia and acute renal failure, which could be a. The indirect causes of maternal death consisted of anemia, malaria, hiv related complications, cancers, and cardiac disease. Previous reports have shown that malaria contributes significantly to maternal mortality in zambia 10. Levels and causes of maternal mortality and morbidity.

Maternal mortality is a major public health issue in developing countries due to its shocking magnitude and lower declining pattern. Indirect causes, which include deaths due to conditions such as malaria, hiv aids and cardiac diseases, account for about one fifth of maternal deaths. The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between the direct major causes of maternal mortality and some indirect factors age, parity and gravida through a canonical correlation analysisin which a relational model was used. A study of maternal mortality at the university teaching. About 73% 1 771 000 of 2 443 000 of all maternal deaths between 2003 and 2009 were due to direct obstetric causes and deaths due to indirect causes accounted for 275% 672 000, 95% ui 19737. Causes of maternal death in ethiopia between 1990 and 2016. New report sheds light on tragic maternal death situation. In addition, the study aimed analyzing the causes associated with maternal mortality and determining the sociodemographic profile of maternal deaths from direct and indirect causes in the 20152017. Maternal mortality in the united states, 1935 to 2007. Indirect deaths, however, outnumber directs deaths in many highincome countries and are on the rise in many low and middleincome countries, irrespective of reductions in maternal mortality taking place in many settings. Correlates of maternal mortality in developing countries. Causes and contributory factors of maternal mortality. Maternal mortality in the uk and the need for obstetric. With appropriate strategy and intensive implementation programs, some countries have made remarkable progress, however in developing countries where 99% of maternal death is occurring.

Goal 5a calls for the reduction of maternal mortality by 75 percent between 1990 and 2015. Say and colleagues1 noted that 275% of all maternal deaths result from these indirect causes, with the highest proportion of such deaths in south asia and sub. List indicators used to assess maternal mortality and morbidity. Autopsy is an important tool in the investigation of maternal death. Here is what you need to know about the rate, causes, and prevention of maternal mortality.

The main causes of death are postpartum hemorrhage 24%. Last year, ten women gave birth to ten live babies. Say and colleagues1 noted that 275% of all maternal deaths result from these indirect causes, with the highest proportion of such deaths in south. One of the most significant indicators for maternal health is mmr. The indirect maternal mortality rate has not changed significantly since 2003. Maternal mortality to improve maternal health, barriers that limit access to quality maternal health services must be identified and addressed at all levels of the health system. Indirect causes of severe adverse maternal outcomes. Indirect maternal deaths outnumber direct deaths due to obstetric causes in many. Among the indirect causes of maternal death are diseases that complicate pregnancy or are aggravated by. Maternal health infectious diseases overview briefer. Despite the importance of these indirect causes, key policy and strategy documents of leading international maternal health nongovernmental organisations.